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Djeex Lab
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Zone DNS
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Bienvenue sur Djeex Lab
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Généralités
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Généralités
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NAT & DHCP
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Zone DNS
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Zone DNS
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Introduction
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La zone DNS
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Samba
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Serveex
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Serveex
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Le coeur du serveur
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Le coeur du serveur
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Debian 12
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Docker
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SWAG
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La sécurité
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La sécurité
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Wireguard
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Authentik
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Cloudflare Zero Trust
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Monitoring
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Uptime-Kuma
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Media & Seedbox
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<h1 id="noms-de-domaines-et-zone-dns">Noms de domaines et zone DNS</h1>
<div class="admonition abstract">
<p class="admonition-title">Objectifs</p>
<ul>
<li>Comprendre le fonctionnement d'un serveur DNS</li>
<li>Comprendre comment modifier une zone DNS</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<hr />
<p>Lorsque vous naviguez sur un site, ou une application, des requêtes sont émises vers un ou des domaines afin d'afficher le contenu de votre page. Votre appareil ne connait pas les adresses IP de ces serveurs à joindre. Pour les connaitre, il va contacter un <em>serveur de nom</em> (Domain Name Server) qui lui va lui répondre avec l'adresse IP la plus à jour pour le domaine de la requête. </p>
<p>La zone DNS, c'est une sorte de registre avec des panneaux qui redirige vos requêtes vers la bonne destination.</p>
<p><img alt="Picture" src="/img/global/dns.svg" /></p>
<h2 id="la-zone-dns">La zone DNS</h2>
<hr />
<p>Lorsque vous réservez un domaine chez votre registrar (cloudflare, ovh...), ce registrar vous attribue une zone DNS que vous pouvez personnaliser.</p>
<p>Vous pouvez rentrer des <em>enregistrements</em> dans cette zone DNS qui permettront d'orienter les requêtes au bon endroit. Vous trouverez <a href="https://help.ovhcloud.com/csm/fr-dns-servers-general-information?id=kb_article_view&amp;sysparm_article=KB0051661">plus d'information ici</a>.</p>
<p>Exemple d'une zone DNS du domaine mondomaine.fr:</p>
<div class="language-zone highlight"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre><span></span><span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-1">1</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-2">2</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-3">3</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-4">4</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-5">5</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-6">6</a></span>
<span class="normal"><a href="#__codelineno-0-7">7</a></span></pre></div></td><td class="code"><div><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="k">$TTL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3600</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="o">@</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">SOA</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">ns1.dns.me.</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">dns.net.</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2024051800</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">86400</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3600</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3600000</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">60)</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-3"><a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">NS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">ns1.dns.me.</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-4"><a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">NS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">ns2.dns.me.</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-5"><a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">A</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">203.0.113.0</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-6"><a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6"></a><span class="l">www</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">CNAME</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">mondomaine.fr</span>
</span><span id="__span-0-7"><a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="l">sousdomaine</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">CNAME</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l">mondomaine.fr</span>
</span></code></pre></div></td></tr></table></div>
<p>Dans cet exemple :</p>
<ul>
<li><code>$TTL 3600</code> indique aux différents serveurs de noms de la planète que les enregistrement sont valides 1h (et qu'au-delà il faudra rev"rifier).</li>
<li><code>IN SOA ns1.dns.me. dns.net. (2024051800 86400 3600 3600000 60)</code> indique que <code>ns1.dns.me</code> est le serveur dns principal, et les nombres sont des indications de rafraichissement.</li>
<li><code>IN NS ns1.dns.me.</code> et <code>IN NS ns2.dns.me.</code> indique que <code>ns1.dns.me</code> et <code>ns2.dns.me</code> sont des serveurs de noms pour ce domaine.</li>
<li><code>IN A 203.0.113.0</code> signifie que <code>mondomaine.fr</code> pointe vers l'IP <code>203.0.113.0</code></li>
<li><code>sousdomaine IN CNAME mondomaine.fr</code> signifie que <code>sousdomaine.mondomaine.fr</code> pointe vers <code>mondomaine.fr</code> et donc vers l'IP <code>203.0.113.0</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Ainsi, si vous choisissez de pointer le domaine <code>mondomaine.fr</code> vers votre serveur, vous pouvez le faire en ajoutant un enregistrement <code>A</code> pointant vers l'IP publique de votre serveur.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Attention</p>
<p>Si votre serveur est chez vous:</p>
<ul>
<li>l'IP publique est celle de votre box internet. Assurez-vous auprès de votre opérateur que cette IP est fixe ou configurez un <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/fr/what-is/dynamic-dns/">DDNS</a></li>
<li>assurez-vous d'avoir <a href="../nat/">redirigé le port 443 vers le port d'écoute de votre serveur</a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Et si vous ajoutez un sous-domaine qui doit pointer vers votre serveur, vous pouvez utiliser un enregistrement <code>CNAME</code> vers <code>mondomaine.fr</code>.</p>
<div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">Pourquoi ne pas utiliser un enregistrement A pour le sous-domaine ?</p>
<p>Si votre sous domaine pointe sur le meme serveur que mondomaine.fr, il vaut mieux utiliser un enregistrement <code>CNAME</code> car en cas de changement d'IP du serveur, il n'y aura aucune autre manipulation à faire.</p>
</div>
<p>La plupart des registrar proposent des interfaces plus lisbles pour modifier ces informations. Renseignez-vous auprès de la documentation de votre registrar.</p>
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