Remove decorative dashes and fix two broken admonitions
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Djeex
@@ -6,18 +6,11 @@ description: Learn how NAT, port forwarding, and DHCP work on a home router. Con
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:ellipsis{left=0px width=40rem top=10rem blur=140px zIndex=60}
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::note{icon=""}
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🎯 __Goals:__
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- Understand how port forwarding works
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- Learn how to configure router NAT
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- Learn how to issue DHCP leases (fixed IPs)
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::
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## What is a "port"?
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---
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Ports are different channels through which your router sends and receives data. This allows multiple services to run simultaneously.
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When it receives data through a port, your router forwards that data to the machine that:
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@@ -31,7 +24,7 @@ Some programs and applications are designed to use specific ports. For example,
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So, your router acts as a data dispatcher between the internet and your local machines.
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## Port Forwarding
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---
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Forwarding a `port` means setting a rule that specifies which `source` can send data to which `port` on your router, which will then forward it to a specific `port` on a specific `machine`. The `sources` and `destination machine` are identified by their IP addresses.
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| Variable | Description | Example |
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@@ -57,7 +50,7 @@ __Warning:__ If you have multiple services to expose like `subdomain1.mydomain.c
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::
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## DHCP
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---
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Every time a device connects to your local network, your router assigns it an IP address using DHCP rules.
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This IP is randomly selected from a predefined pool.
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At every device reboot, the IP may change — which is problematic if you're forwarding ports, as the target IP may no longer be valid.
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@@ -5,17 +5,9 @@ description: Understand how DNS works, how to read and edit a DNS zone, and how
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:ellipsis{left=0px width=40rem top=10rem blur=140px zIndex=60}
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# Domain Names and DNS Zones
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::note
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🎯 __Objectives:__
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- Understand how a DNS server works
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- Learn how to edit a DNS zone
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::
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## Introduction
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---
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When you browse a website or use an app, requests are made to one or more domains to fetch content for the page. Your device doesn't know the IP addresses of these servers, so it contacts a _name server_ (Domain Name Server), which responds with the most up-to-date IP address for the domain being requested.
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The DNS zone is like a registry with signposts that direct your requests to the correct destination.
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@@ -23,7 +15,7 @@ The DNS zone is like a registry with signposts that direct your requests to the
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## The DNS Zone
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---
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When you purchase a domain from a registrar (Cloudflare, OVH, etc.), the registrar assigns you a DNS zone that you can customize.
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You can enter _records_ into this DNS zone to direct requests properly. You can find [more information here](https://help.ovhcloud.com/csm/fr-dns-servers-general-information?id=kb_article_view&sysparm_article=KB0051661).
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@@ -51,7 +43,7 @@ So, if you want to point `mydomain.com` to your server, you can do it by adding
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::warning
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- __Warning:__ If your server is hosted at home:
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__Warning:__ If your server is hosted at home:
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- Your public IP is the one assigned to your home router. Make sure it's static, or configure [DDNS](https://aws.amazon.com/fr/what-is/dynamic-dns/).
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- Make sure you've [set up port 443 forwarding to your server's listening port](/general/networking/nat).
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::
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@@ -5,23 +5,14 @@ description: Set up Samba on Debian to share folders over your local network and
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:ellipsis{left=0px width=40rem top=10rem blur=140px zIndex=60}
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# Samba
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Samba is a protocol that allows access to a folder located on a network drive. It can be configured on macOS, Windows, or Linux.
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There are many tutorials for setting up Samba on Windows or on NAS systems like Synology, but here we focus on Debian.
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::note
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🎯 __Objectives:__
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- Create a network folder on a remote machine
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- Access the network folder from our server
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::
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## Sharing a Network Folder
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---
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::note
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In this example, we will share the `/video` folder from a remote machine called `remote-machine`. We will access this folder from a machine called `local-machine`. The user connecting to the network drive will be `sambauser`.
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@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ RAID is not a backup system but a service continuity system! It only allows hot-
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::
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### No RAID
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---
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<img src="/img/global/no-raid.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 30%; max-height:230px; margin-right: 20px;">
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@@ -43,7 +42,6 @@ RAID is not a backup system but a service continuity system! It only allows hot-
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Use your disks without RAID when you're not afraid of data loss and can tolerate service interruptions between failure and backup restoration.
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### RAID 0
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---
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<img src="/img/global/raid0.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 30%; max-height:230px; margin-right: 20px;">
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@@ -60,7 +58,6 @@ Use your disks without RAID when you're not afraid of data loss and can tolerate
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Use RAID 0 when you prioritize performance and are not concerned about data loss. Ideal for temporary, high-speed storage (video editing, AI workloads, etc). Not suitable for long-term storage, as one failure means total data loss.
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### RAID 1
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---
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<img src="/img/global/raid1.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 30%; max-height:230px; margin-right: 20px;">
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@@ -81,7 +78,6 @@ Use RAID 1 for strong redundancy. Each disk contains all data, so performance re
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::
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### RAID 5
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---
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<p align="center">
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<img src="/img/global/raid5.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 40%; margin-right: 20px;">
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</p>
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@@ -96,7 +92,6 @@ Use RAID 1 for strong redundancy. Each disk contains all data, so performance re
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Use RAID 5 when you want reliable storage with 3 to 5 disks and minimal space loss. It tolerates one disk failure but may have degraded performance during recovery, which can take days.
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### RAID 6
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---
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<p align="center">
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<img src="/img/global/raid6.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 50%; margin-right: 20px;">
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</p>
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@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ Here’s what we’re most interested in:
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- Its robust error notifications and monitoring.
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## Structure
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---
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ZFS has a unique structure:
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@@ -46,7 +45,6 @@ There are several dataset types:
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- **snapshot**: a frozen-in-time version of another dataset. Snapshots can be created manually or through backup tools. They can be mounted to browse data as it was at the snapshot time.
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## Why ZFS over others?
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---
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### Data Integrity
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ZFS continuously checks that your stored data hasn't become corrupted. Every block of data is associated with a checksum, allowing ZFS to detect even the smallest alteration. If corruption is found and a healthy copy exists elsewhere, ZFS can repair the data automatically.
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@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ Understand the fundamentals of server hardware
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A __server__ is essentially a computer dedicated to specific tasks, designed to remain accessible at all times. Structurally, it's not much different from a regular computer. Depending on its intended use, some components may vary. This article serves as a reference to help you understand the essential components of a server and how their roles adapt based on your needs.
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## Motherboard
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---
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The __motherboard__ is the foundation of your machine. It's the component that connects all others together. It enables communication between components and interaction with peripherals (keyboard, mouse, etc.). Choose it based on your I/O (Input/Output) needs like USB ports, network ports, speed, etc., and ensure compatibility with the components you plan to install.
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Key components connected to the motherboard:
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@@ -38,7 +37,6 @@ Common consumer motherboard formats:
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Larger boards generally offer more ports and features. Pre-built systems might use proprietary formats.
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## CPU
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---
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<img src="/img/global/cpu.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 25%; max-height:230px; margin-right: 20px;">
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<p>The <strong>CPU</strong> (Central Processing Unit) is the computer's calculator. It processes most software tasks. Modern CPUs have multiple cores, often with virtual threads, to better handle workloads. They need to be cooled using either an active cooler (with a fan) or a passive one (fanless), depending on power consumption (watts). Choose your CPU based on how you plan to use the server.</p>
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@@ -58,7 +56,6 @@ Consider:
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For low-power home servers or NAS (non-intensive computing), consider Intel N100/150 (4 cores) or N305/N355 (8 cores)—efficient and low power (ideal for 24/7 uptime).
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## RAM
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---
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<p align="center">
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<img src="/img/global/ram.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 65%;">
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@@ -69,14 +66,12 @@ __RAM__ (Random Access Memory) is fast, temporary memory used by the CPU (and iG
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Comes as sticks installed on the motherboard. Varies by format and generation (currently DDR5).
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## GPU
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---
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The __GPU__ (Graphics Processing Unit) handles graphical, video, and sometimes AI-related processing. Its main theoretical use is to display the image on your screen. In servers, it's useful for media centers (e.g. [Plex](/serveex/media/plex)) and for accelerating AI tasks like facial recognition or photo indexing (e.g. [Immich](/serveex/cloud/immich)).
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Depending on the required performance, one can choose between a dedicated GPU with its own VRAM (a graphics card connected to a PCIe slot on the motherboard), or an iGPU—an integrated GPU built into the CPU (such as the N100/N150 or N305/N355), which uses the system’s shared RAM.
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### HDD(s)
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---
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<p align="center">
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<img src="/img/global/hdd.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 50%; margin-right: 20px;">
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@@ -95,7 +90,6 @@ Generally, HDDs are best suited for storing data that doesn’t require frequent
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Comes in 3.5" and 2.5" formats; servers usually favor the more reliable 3.5".
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### SSD(s)
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---
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<p align="center">
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<img src="/img/global/nvme.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 50%; margin-right: 20px;">
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@@ -110,7 +104,6 @@ SSDs come in various formats, but today the preferred choice is the M.2 NVMe ver
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However, SSDs are significantly more expensive than hard drives for the same storage capacity. Typically, the operating system (OS) is installed on the SSD to ensure fast performance. In a server environment, it's also ideal to store [Docker containers](/serveex/core/docker) and databases on the SSD. More broadly, any data that needs to be accessed frequently and quickly—such as websites, applications, or processing workloads—should be stored on an SSD.
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### Network Card
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---
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A __network card__ allows your machine to communicate with your network (including the internet). It consists of a controller chip and one or more network ports. These ports—often Ethernet ports—can come in different physical formats and support various data transfer standards:
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@@ -131,7 +124,6 @@ The network card is usually built directly into the motherboard, but you can als
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In general, for a server setup, it's recommended to have at least two Ethernet ports to ensure redundancy in case one connection fails.
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### Input/Output Ports
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---
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__I/O__ ports allow communication with external devices (displays, keyboard, mouse, network...). Motherboards typically offer:
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@@ -143,7 +135,6 @@ __I/O__ ports allow communication with external devices (displays, keyboard, mou
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Choose a motherboard and expansions based on your I/O needs.
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### Power Supply
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---
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The __power supply unit__ (PSU) is the component that provides electrical power to your machine’s components. It connects to the wall via a power cord and has several output cables that plug into the motherboard and various peripherals, such as hard drives or dedicated graphics cards.
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@@ -158,7 +149,6 @@ Another important factor is the form factor. There are several standard sizes, f
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To choose the right PSU, a common rule of thumb is to estimate your system’s power needs based on usage, and then double that value. This is because most power supplies operate at optimal efficiency around 50% of their maximum load.
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### Case
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---
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<img src="/img/global/case.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 25%; max-height:230px; margin-right: 20px;">
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@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ Understand the basics of networking hardware
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A computer network cannot exist without the hardware required to build it. Hardware determines the size of the network, communication speeds, and its overall performance. In this article, we will focus on the simplest types of networks, typically found in home environments.
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## The Router
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---
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The __router__ is the central hub of your network. It directs __packets__—the blocks of data that travel across your network—from the sender to the appropriate recipient. It manages the routing of data both within your local network and to/from external networks. In short, it enables devices to communicate with each other and with the internet.
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Everyone has a router at home—it's the __internet box__ provided by your ISP (Internet Service Provider).
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@@ -41,7 +40,6 @@ You can easily use a third-party router to manage your network if your ISP’s i
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::
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## The Switch
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---
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The __switch__, or network switch, is a device that allows multiple devices to connect to the network. It acts as a literal hub, connecting directly to the router or to another switch upstream. It helps avoid overloading the switch ports on your router or relocating devices to another room without running a cable from each one back to the router. Another common use case is to segment multiple networks that are managed by the same router.
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@@ -56,7 +54,6 @@ __Warning:__ Make sure to use a switch with ports that match the speeds supporte
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::
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## Cables
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---
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Cables are essential components of your network. Depending on their type and category, they can limit the bandwidth between devices, so they must be chosen to match your network's specifications. They also need to be compatible with your devices' ports.
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