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content/2.general/2.storage/1.raid.md
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content/2.general/2.storage/1.raid.md
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navigation: true
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title: RAID
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main:
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---
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:ellipsis{left=0px width=40rem top=10rem blur=140px}
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# RAID
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_Redundant Array of Independent Disks_
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In computing, RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a system that allows multiple hard drives to be combined to improve performance and/or reliability. It works by restructuring and distributing data blocks across the drives.
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Originally, RAID systems were hardware-based, meaning a dedicated controller (a specific chip) managed data distribution and RAID operations. Today, most RAID systems (or their equivalents) are software-based. In fact, many software technologies can create RAID-like systems with features not available in hardware RAID, such as automatic repair (data scrubbing), snapshots, and more.
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## Different Types of RAID
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There are several types of RAID, each offering its own pros and cons. In general, RAID impacts the following five factors:
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- Number of drives
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- Total storage capacity
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- Read speed
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- Write speed
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- Fault tolerance (resistance to hardware failure)
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::alert{type="warning"}
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:::list{type="warning"}
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- RAID is not a backup system but a service continuity system! It only allows hot-swapping of drives without interrupting your server or restoring from backup. You still need an external backup system.
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::
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### No RAID
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---
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<img src="/img/global/no-raid.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 30%; max-height:230px; margin-right: 20px;">
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<ul>
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<li>Just your disks, without RAID. Data is stored disk by disk.</li>
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<li>If you lose a disk, only its data is lost.</li>
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<li>Total capacity is the sum of all disks.</li>
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</div>
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Use your disks without RAID when you're not afraid of data loss and can tolerate service interruptions between failure and backup restoration.
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### RAID 0
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---
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<img src="/img/global/raid0.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 30%; max-height:230px; margin-right: 20px;">
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<ul>
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<li>OS sees 1 drive.</li>
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<li>Data is striped across all disks.</li>
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<li>If you lose one disk, you lose all data.</li>
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<li>High read and write performance (multiplied by number of disks).</li>
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<li>Total capacity is the sum of all disks.</li>
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<li>Minimum of 2 disks required.</li>
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</div>
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Use RAID 0 when you prioritize performance and are not concerned about data loss. Ideal for temporary, high-speed storage (video editing, AI workloads, etc). Not suitable for long-term storage, as one failure means total data loss.
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### RAID 1
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---
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: center;">
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<img src="/img/global/raid1.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 30%; max-height:230px; margin-right: 20px;">
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<ul>
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<li>OS sees 1 drive.</li>
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<li>All disks contain identical data.</li>
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<li>You can lose all but one disk.</li>
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<li>Improved read speed (scales with number of disks).</li>
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<li>Total capacity is equal to one disk (e.g., 2×10TB = 10TB).</li>
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<li>Minimum of 2 disks required.</li>
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</div>
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Use RAID 1 for strong redundancy. Each disk contains all data, so performance remains unaffected during a failure. Once failed disks are replaced, data is quickly restored. However, usable storage is limited to one disk’s capacity, making it an expensive solution.
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::alert{type="success"}
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:::list{type="success"}
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- __Tip:__ You can combine RAID 1 with other RAID types to create mirrored arrays.
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:::
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::
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### RAID 5
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---
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<p align="center">
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<img src="/img/global/raid5.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 40%; margin-right: 20px;">
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</p>
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- OS sees 1 drive.
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- Data is striped with parity blocks for redundancy.
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- You can lose 1 disk and recover data.
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- Improved read speed (scales with number of disks).
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- Total capacity is the sum of all disks minus one (e.g., 3×10TB = 20TB).
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- Minimum of 3 disks (4 recommended to reduce capacity loss).
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Use RAID 5 when you want reliable storage with 3 to 5 disks and minimal space loss. It tolerates one disk failure but may have degraded performance during recovery, which can take days.
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### RAID 6
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---
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<p align="center">
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<img src="/img/global/raid6.svg" alt="Image" style="max-width: 50%; margin-right: 20px;">
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</p>
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- OS sees 1 drive.
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- Data is striped with dual parity blocks.
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- You can lose 2 disks and still recover data.
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- Improved read speed (scales with number of disks).
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- Total capacity is the sum of all disks minus two (e.g., 4×10TB = 20TB).
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- Minimum of 4 disks (6 recommended to minimize space loss).
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Use RAID 6 in similar situations as RAID 5, especially with 6 or more disks. More disks mean higher failure risk. RAID 6 offers peace of mind by tolerating two simultaneous failures.
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## Software RAID
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(coming soon)
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content/2.general/2.storage/2.zfs.md
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content/2.general/2.storage/2.zfs.md
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---
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navigation: true
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title: ZFS
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main:
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fluid: false
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---
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:ellipsis{left=0px width=40rem top=10rem blur=140px}
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# ZFS
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::alert{type="info"}
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🎯 __Objectives:__
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- Understand what ZFS is and why it's useful
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::
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ZFS is widely used in the world of servers, NAS systems (like FreeNAS / TrueNAS), virtualization, and even by tech-savvy individuals who want reliable storage. It is both a _file system_ (like NTFS for Windows, EXT4, FAT32, etc.) and a _volume manager_ (similar to LVM).
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To put it simply:
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- A **volume manager** organizes physical storage (like one or more hard drives).
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- A **file system** organizes how data blocks are written, read, and deleted within those volumes.
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ZFS goes far beyond traditional file systems in terms of performance and features.
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Here’s what we’re most interested in:
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- Its __snapshot management__ features, allowing you to quickly roll back in case of issues.
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- Its support for disk groupings and [__RAID-like structures__](/general/raid) (Z-Mirror, RAIDZ1, RAIDZ2, RAIDZ3).
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- Its __automatic recovery of corrupted data__ (through scrubbing).
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- Its performance, enhanced by RAM caching (ZFS ARC).
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- Its robust error notifications and monitoring.
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## Structure
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---
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ZFS has a unique structure:
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- **vdev** (virtual device): a group of physical or virtual disks.
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- **zpool**: a collection of vdevs configured as a single storage pool. A zpool can contain multiple vdevs, but a vdev belongs to only one zpool.
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- **dataset**: a logical data container within a zpool. Each dataset can have its own settings (compression, quotas, permissions, etc.).
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There are several dataset types:
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- **file system**: a standard ZFS filesystem, mounted without storage quotas.
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- **zvol**: a "virtual disk" with a defined size, which you can format and partition as if it were a physical disk.
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- **snapshot**: a frozen-in-time version of another dataset. Snapshots can be created manually or through backup tools. They can be mounted to browse data as it was at the snapshot time.
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## Why ZFS over others?
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---
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### Data Integrity
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ZFS continuously checks that your stored data hasn't become corrupted. Every block of data is associated with a checksum, allowing ZFS to detect even the smallest alteration. If corruption is found and a healthy copy exists elsewhere, ZFS can repair the data automatically.
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### Built-in RAID
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ZFS includes its own volume management system (vdevs). You can build a zpool using multiple disks—similar to traditional [RAID](/general/raid) setups—but with more flexibility. For example:
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- **Z-mirror** → equivalent to RAID 1
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- **RAIDZ1** → equivalent to RAID 5 (tolerates 1 disk failure)
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- **RAIDZ2** → equivalent to RAID 6 (tolerates 2 disk failures)
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- **RAIDZ3** → tolerates up to 3 disk failures
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ZFS handles all this natively—no external RAID software needed.
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::alert{type="info"}
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:::list{type="info"}
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- Check out the [article on RAID](/general/raid) to find the right solution for your needs.
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:::
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::
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### Snapshots and Clones
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ZFS allows you to create snapshots—instantaneous images of a dataset's state. Snapshots take up minimal space and can be scheduled frequently. You can also create clones: writable copies of snapshots.
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### Compression and Deduplication
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ZFS can compress data on the fly (transparently to the user), saving disk space. It also supports deduplication (removing duplicate data), though this feature requires a lot of memory and is not recommended for all use cases.
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---
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Now you know why ZFS is *the* file system to deploy on your NAS.
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2
content/2.general/2.storage/_dir.yml
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content/2.general/2.storage/_dir.yml
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navigation.title: Storage
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icon: lucide:hard-drive
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